How are clouds named?

Posted on November 27, 2012 by Weather Guys Editor

In 1803, British pharmacist and chemist Luke Howard devised a classification system for clouds. It has proved so successful that meteorologists have used Howard’s system ever since, with minor modifications. According to his system, clouds are given Latin names corresponding to their appearance — layered or convective — and their altitude. Clouds are also categorized based on whether or not they are precipitating.

Layered clouds are much wider than they are tall. They generally have flat bases and tops and can extend from horizon to horizon. The Latin word “stratus” describes the layered cloud category.

Convective clouds are as tall, or taller, than they are wide. These clouds look lumpy and piled up, like a cauliflower. Convective cloud types are indicated by the root word “cumulo,” which means “heap” in Latin. Convective clouds may become very tall and are rounded on top.

Clouds are also classified by their altitude and their ability to create precipitation. The root word “cirro” (meaning “curl”) describes a high cloud that is usually composed of wispy ice crystals. The Latin word “alto” (“high”) indicates a cloud in the middle of the troposphere that is below the high cirro-type clouds. The prefix or suffix “nimbus” (“rain”) denotes a cloud that is causing precipitation.

Using the combination of appearance, altitude, and ability to make precipitation, a wide range of cloud types can be identified. The 10 basic cloud types are cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus, altostratus, altocumulus, cumulus, stratus, stratocumulus, nimbostratus, and cumulonimbus.

Category: Meteorology
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What was the ring around the moon last month?

Posted on November 20, 2012 by Weather Guys Editor

As the remnants of Superstorm Sandy approached us on Oct. 29, people in Wisconsin observed a halo on two consecutive nights. These halos resulted from the ice clouds generated from the storm.

A halo is a whitish ring that encircles but does not touch the sun or moon. It is an optical phenomenon that owes its existence to the bending of light by ice crystals, much like the “rainbow crystals” you may hang in your windows.

The most commonly observed halo is the 22 degree halo. This halo encircles the moon or sun at about a hand’s width from the center of the moon, if your arm is fully extended. Small column-like ice crystals form the halo. Light rays enter a crystal, bend or refract, and then refract again as they exit the crystal. Because the crystals are randomly oriented in space, there are many different directions from which light rays can enter the crystals. More light rays are refracted at this 22-degree angle than at any other, producing the concentration of light known as the halo.

If you were lucky, you may have seen shiny, colored regions at either side of the moon. These are called moondogs, and are another optical effect caused by refraction. Moondogs appear because hexagonal ice crystals in the high clouds tend to drift downward with their flat bases parallel to the ground. The sunlight passing through the crystal refracts sideways.

Category: Phenomena
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What is a nor’easter?

Posted on November 15, 2012 by Weather Guys Editor

A nor’easter is an extratropical cyclone that affects the northeastern United States and extreme eastern Canada. An extratropical cyclone is a low-pressure system that forms outside of the tropics and is usually associated with fronts, unlike a tropical cyclone. A nor’easter is named for the strong northeasterly winds that blow across this region as the path of the low pressure moves northeastward, slightly to the east of the North American coastline.

The counterclockwise winds that flow around the low pressure system draw moist maritime air from over the Atlantic Ocean. At the same time, cold polar air from Canada air moves southward toward the East Coast and encounters northward-moving warmer and more humid air originally from the Gulf of Mexico. The dynamics of the resulting warm and cold fronts produces some of the heaviest snowfalls that occur along the East Coast.

Nor’easters often occur between the months of October and April, but are particularly dangerous during winter months, when cold weather-related deaths occur due to exposure to cold air and loss of power due to high winds, ice, and snow. Nor’easters also can cause coastal flooding, coastal erosion and strong winds.

The nor’easter of Halloween 2011 was accompanied by record-breaking snowfall across New England and killed 39 people. The Presidents’ Day Weekend, February 15-17, 2003, was a nor’easter that dumped record snowfall in many areas along the East Coast. It claimed the lives of 42 people nationwide and stranded thousands of travelers. Perhaps the most notorious nor’easter is the Great Blizzard of 1888 which dropped 4 feet of snow in New York and killed 400 people.

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What can we learn from Hurricane Sandy?

Posted on November 15, 2012 by Weather Guys Editor

Nearly a week after Hurricane Sandy struck the Mid-Atlantic coast of the United States, the affected region is still reeling from the shock. This really was an unprecedented storm in the truest sense of that word.

Among the amazing aspects of the event was the extraordinarily accurate and early forecasting of the storm. Numerical forecast models were latching on to the correct scenario, including the unusual and rapid leftward turn off the Mid-Atlantic coast, as early as five to seven days before the event (depending on the particular model in question).

This kind of forecast accuracy was a pipe dream, even for run-of-the-mill storms, just 20 years ago. We are all living through a quiet revolution in weather forecasting and high-profile events such as Sandy make it very clear. The advance warning offered by these accurate medium-range forecasts undoubtedly saved dozens, perhaps hundreds of lives, and literally billions of dollars in damage in New York City alone.

From what we know in its immediate aftermath, the storm itself was the result of an unusually strong interaction between a late-season tropical cyclone (the original Hurricane Sandy) and a mid-level extratropical disturbance that grew in intensity as it approached the coast. Such interaction is a common feature of the transition seasons — fall or spring.

There are reasons to believe that in a warming climate the frequency of these kinds of interactions may increase potentially leading to an increase in strong examples, like Sandy, of this kind of severe weather.

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Are wind turbines detected by weather radars?

Posted on November 1, 2012 by Weather Guys Editor

While a single wind turbine is unlikely to confuse a radar return signal, a wind farm, particularly one 20 square miles or larger, will pose a problem. For example, the radar returns from the weather radar in Sullivan continually measures what looks to be a rain cloud to the north. This signal is always there and is the location of a wind farm.

A radar consists of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter emits pulses of radiowaves outward in a circular pattern. Precipitation scatters these radiowaves, sending some energy back to the transmitting point where it is detected by the radar’s receiver as a radar return signal. The wind turbine towers are made of metal and have a strong radar return signal and will appear as a fixed object in a radar image. Many of the rotating blades are made of materials transparent to radar, but they often have metal lightning ground wires running through each blade — increasing the radar signature. The various speeds of the different turbines can modulate the radar return, so the radar image will continually change.

There are ways to get around to this problem, ranging in expense. Perhaps the simplest is to know that the farm is there and thus recognize that when it exists in an isolated manner that it is not raining.

Wind farms can also show up on surveillance radar used for aviation airspace control, which perhaps poses a more serious problem. As the number of wind farms continues to increase, their impact on radar is important to understand.

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